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Fashion doll brand past Mattel

This commodity is about the style doll and brand. For other uses, see Barbie (disambiguation).

Barbie
Barbie Logo.svg
Starting time appearance March 9, 1959; 63 years ago  (1959-03-09)
Created past Ruth Handler
In-universe data
Full proper noun Barbara Millicent Roberts
Nickname Barbie
Occupation See: Barbie's careers
Family Run into: List of Barbie'south friends and family

Barbie is a fashion doll manufactured by the American toy company Mattel, Inc. and launched in March 1959. American baron Ruth Handler is credited with the creation of the doll using a German language doll called Bild Lilli as her inspiration.

Barbie is the figurehead of a brand of Mattel dolls and accessories, including other family unit members and collectible dolls. Barbie has been an of import part of the toy fashion doll market for over lx years, and has been the discipline of numerous controversies and lawsuits, often involving parodies of the doll and her lifestyle. Mattel has sold over a billion Barbie dolls, making it the company'due south largest and most assisting line.[one]

The Barbie doll brand has expanded into a media franchise, including a long-running series of animated films that began in 2001. From 2002 to 2017, the films were aired regularly on the Nickelodeon cablevision channel.[2]

Barbie and her boyfriend Ken have been described as two most pop dolls in the world.[3] The doll has transformed the toy business in flush communities worldwide by becoming a vehicle for the sale of related trade (accessories, apparel, friends of Barbie, etc.). Writing for Journal of Popular Civilisation in 1977, Don Richard Cox noted that Barbie has a significant impact on social values past conveying characteristics of female independence, and with her multitude of accessories, an idealized upscale life-style that can be shared with affluent friends.[4]

Sales of Barbie dolls started to refuse sharply from 2014 to 2016.[one] In 2020, Mattel sold $1.35 billion worth of Barbie dolls and accessories and this was their best sales growth in two decades. This is an increase from the $950 one thousand thousand the brand sold during 2017.[5]

History

The get-go Barbie doll was introduced in both blonde and brunette on March 9, 1959.

Ruth Handler watched her daughter Barbara play with paper dolls, and noticed that she often enjoyed giving them adult roles. At the time, most children'due south toy dolls were representations of infants. Realizing that there could be a gap in the market place, Handler suggested the idea of an adult-bodied doll to her husband Elliot, a co-founder of the Mattel toy visitor. He was unenthusiastic about the idea, as were Mattel's directors.[six]

During a trip to Europe in 1956 with her children Barbara and Kenneth, Ruth Handler came across a German toy doll chosen Bild Lilli.[vii] The adult-figured doll was exactly what Handler had in mind, so she purchased three of them. She gave one to her daughter and took the others back to Mattel. The Lilli doll was based on a popular character appearing in a comic strip drawn past Reinhard Beuthin for the newspaper Bild. Lilli was a blonde bombshell, a working girl who knew what she wanted and was not to a higher place using men to become it. The Lilli doll was first sold in Deutschland in 1955, and although it was initially sold to adults, it became pop with children who enjoyed dressing her up in outfits that were available separately.[8]

Upon her return to the United states, Handler redesigned the doll (with aid from local inventor-designer Jack Ryan) and the doll was given a new name, Barbie, after Handler'south daughter Barbara. The doll fabricated its debut at the American International Toy Fair in New York Metropolis on March nine, 1959.[9] This engagement is also used as Barbie'due south official birthday.

The kickoff Barbie doll wore a black-and-white zebra striped swimsuit and signature topknot ponytail, and was available equally either a blonde or brunette. The doll was marketed as a "Teen-historic period Fashion Model", with her dress created past Mattel fashion designer Charlotte Johnson. The first Barbie dolls were manufactured in Japan, with their clothes hand-stitched by Japanese homeworkers. Around 350,000 Barbie dolls were sold during the first year of production.[10]

Louis Marx and Visitor sued Mattel in March 1961. After licensing Lilli, they claimed that Mattel had "infringed on Greiner & Hausser's patent for Bild-Lilli's hip joint, and also claimed that Barbie was "a direct have-off and copy" of Bild-Lilli. The company additionally claimed that Mattel "falsely and misleadingly represented itself as having originated the design". Mattel counter-claimed and the case was settled out of court in 1963. In 1964, Mattel bought Greiner & Hausser'due south copyright and patent rights for the Bild-Lilli doll for $21,600.[11] [12]

Ruth Handler believed that it was important for Barbie to have an adult appearance, and early on market research showed that some parents were unhappy about the doll's chest, which had distinct breasts. Barbie's advent has been changed many times, virtually notably in 1971 when the doll's eyes were adjusted to wait forwards rather than having the demure sideways glance of the original model. This would be the last improvement Ruth would make to her ain creation as, iii years later, she and her married man Elliot were removed from their posts at Mattel after an investigation found them guilty of issuing false and misleading financial reports.[thirteen]

Barbie was one of the beginning toys to have a marketing strategy based extensively on idiot box advertising, which has been copied widely past other toys. It is estimated that over a billion Barbie dolls have been sold worldwide in over 150 countries, with Mattel claiming that three Barbie dolls are sold every second.[14]

The standard range of Barbie dolls and related accessories are manufactured to approximately i/vi calibration, which is as well known equally playscale.[15] The standard dolls are approximately 11½ inches (29 cm) alpine.

Appearances in media/multimedia franchises

Since the mid-to-late 1980s, Barbie-branded products included not only the range of dolls with their apparel and accessories, only too a large range of branded goods such as books, dress, cosmetics, and video games. Barbie has had a multimedia franchise starting with Barbie in the Nutcracker in 2001, when she began appearing as a virtual actress in a series of computer-animated films[16] which were distributed on domicile video/direct-to-video formats, and on Blu-ray since 2013, as well as airing on the American Nickelodeon cable aqueduct (and its global channel versions) until 2017.[2]

As of 2013, the Barbie directly-to-video films accept sold over 110 million units worldwide.[17] Before the films, the brand had two telly specials released in 1987 in response to the rise in digital media at that time; Barbie and the Rockers: Out of This World and its sequel, as well equally inspiring a hit europop trip the light fantastic vocal, "Barbie Girl" (1997) past Aqua. She has had appeared in several television and web series; including Barbie: Life in the Dreamhouse and Barbie Dreamhouse Adventures, and was also a supporting character in Pixar's Toy Story films and the My Scene films.[18] In 2015, Barbie began appearing as a vlogger on YouTube called Barbie Vlogger where she talks about her fictional life, manner, friends and family unit, and even difficult topics such equally depression and racism. [xix] [20] [21] Margot Robbie is set to portray Barbie in a live-activeness motion-picture show to be released in 2023.[22]

Fictional biography

Barbie'due south total name is Barbara Millicent Roberts. In a serial of novels published by Random Firm in the 1960s, her parents' names are given as George and Margaret Roberts from the fictional town of Willows, Wisconsin.[23] [24] In the Random House novels, Barbie attended Willows High Schoolhouse; while in the Generation Girl books, published by Gilt Books in 1999, she attended the fictional Manhattan International High Schoolhouse in New York City (based on the real-life Stuyvesant High School).[25]

She has an on-off romantic human relationship with her boyfriend Ken ("Ken Carson"), who first appeared in 1961. A news release from Mattel in February 2004 announced that Barbie and Ken had decided to split up,[26] simply in February 2006, they were hoping to rekindle their relationship after Ken had a makeover.[27] In 2011, Mattel launched a campaign for Ken to win Barbie's affections dorsum.[28] The pair officially reunited in Valentine'southward Day 2011.[29] At the release of Barbie: Dreamhouse Adventures in 2018, the pair are seen as but friends or adjacent-door neighbors.

Barbie has had over 40 pets including cats and dogs, horses, a panda, a lion cub, and a zebra. She has endemic a wide range of vehicles, including pink Beetle and Corvette convertibles, trailers, and Jeeps. She also holds a pilot's license, and operates commercial airliners in addition to serving as a flight attendant. Barbie'southward careers are designed to show that women can have on a variety of roles in life, and the doll has been sold with a wide range of titles including Miss Astronaut Barbie (1965), Medico Barbie (1988), and Nascar Barbie (1998).[30]

Mattel has created a range of companions for Barbie, including Hispanic Teresa, Midge, African American Christie, and Steven (Christie's boyfriend). Barbie's siblings and cousins were also created including, Skipper, Todd and Stacie (twin brother and sister), Kelly (renamed Chelsea in 2011), Krissy, and Francie. Barbie was friendly with Blaine, an Australian surfer, during her split with Ken in 2004.[31]

Legacy and influence

Barbie has become a cultural icon and has been given honors that are rare in the toy world. In 1974, a section of Times Square in New York Metropolis was renamed Barbie Boulevard for a week. The Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris at the Louvre held a Barbie showroom in 2016. The exhibit featured 700 Barbie dolls over ii floors too as works by contemporary artists and documents (newspapers, photos, video) that contextualize Barbie.[32]

In 1986, the artist Andy Warhol created a painting of Barbie. The painting sold at auction at Christie's, London for $1.1 meg. In 2015, The Andy Warhol Foundation then teamed up with Mattel to create an Andy Warhol Barbie.[33] [34]

Outsider artist Al Carbee took thousands of photographs of Barbie and created endless collages and dioramas featuring Barbie in diverse settings.[35] Carbee was the discipline of the feature-length documentary Magical Universe. Carbee's collage art was presented in the 2016 Barbie exhibit at the Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris in the department almost visuals artists who have been inspired by Barbie.[36]

In 2013, in Taiwan, the first Barbie-themed restaurant chosen "Barbie Café" opened under the Sinlaku grouping.[37]

The Economist has emphasized the importance of Barbie to children's imagination:

From her early on days equally a teenage style model, Barbie has appeared as an astronaut, surgeon, Olympic athlete, downhill skier, aerobics instructor, Telly news reporter, vet, rock star, doctor, regular army officer, air forcefulness pilot, summit diplomat, rap musician, presidential candidate (political party undefined), baseball game player, scuba diver, lifeguard, fire-fighter, engineer, dentist, and many more than. ... When Barbie showtime burst into the toy shops, just as the 1960s were breaking, the doll market consisted generally of babies, designed for girls to cradle, rock and feed. By creating a doll with adult features, Mattel enabled girls to go anything they want.[38]

On September 7, 2021, following the debut of the streaming television film Barbie: Big City, Big Dreams on Netflix, Barbie joined forces with Grammy Accolade-nominated music producer, songwriter, vocalist and actress Ester Dean and Girls Make Beats – an arrangement dedicated to expanding the female presence of music producers, DJs and sound engineers – to inspire more girls to explore a future in music production.[39] [40] [41]

50th anniversary

In 2009, Barbie historic her 50th birthday. The celebrations included a runway show in New York for the Mercedes-Benz Way Calendar week.[42] The event showcased fashions contributed by fifty well-known haute couturiers including Diane von Fürstenberg, Vera Wang, Calvin Klein, Bob Mackie, and Christian Louboutin.[43] [44]

Controversies

"Black Barbies" redirects here. For the Nicki Minaj song, see Blackness Barbies (song).

Trunk epitome

From the get-go, some have complained that "the blonde, plastic doll conveyed an unrealistic body image to girls."[45]

Criticisms of Barbie are often centered around concerns that children consider Barbie a function model and will effort to emulate her. One of the most mutual criticisms of Barbie is that she promotes an unrealistic idea of body paradigm for a young adult female, leading to a risk that girls who attempt to emulate her will become anorexic. Unrealistic trunk proportions in Barbie dolls take been connected to some eating disorders in children.[46] [47] [48] [49]

A standard Barbie doll is 11.5 inches (29 cm) tall, giving a height of v feet ix inches (1.75 m) at 1/6 calibration. Barbie's vital statistics accept been estimated at 36 inches (chest), 18 inches (waist) and 33 inches (hips). According to research past the University Key Hospital in Helsinki, Finland, she would lack the 17 to 22 percent trunk fat required for a woman to menstruate.[50] In 1963, the outfit "Barbie Baby-Sits" came with a book entitled How to Lose Weight which advised: "Don't eat!".[51] The aforementioned book was included in another ensemble called "Slumber Party" in 1965 forth with a pinkish bath scale permanently ready at 110 lbs. (l kg),[51] which would exist around 35 lbs. (sixteen kg) underweight for a woman 5 anxiety 9 inches (1.75 m) tall.[52] Mattel said that the waist of the Barbie doll was made small considering the waistbands of her clothes, along with their seams, snaps, and zippers, added bulk to her figure.[53] In 1997, Barbie'south body mold was redesigned and given a wider waist, with Mattel saying that this would make the doll better suited to contemporary fashion designs.[54] [55]

In 2016, Mattel introduced a range of new torso types: 'alpine', 'petite', and 'curvy', releasing them exclusively every bit part of the Barbie Fashionistas line. 'Curvy Barbie' received a great bargain of media attention[56] [57] [58] and even made the cover of Time mag with the headline "At present Tin We Cease Talking About My Trunk?".[59] Despite the curvy doll's body shape being equivalent to a U.s. size iv in vesture,[56] some children reportedly regarded her equally "fat".[59] [sixty] The doll'due south reception by adults was besides politicized, with tensions between feminists who suggested the doll was too thin to be considered "curvy" and conservatives who claimed it was a "frumpy thunderthigh-sporting [...] production of a social justice warrior's fantasies."[61]

Although Barbie had been criticized for its unrealistic-looking "alpine and petite" dolls, the company has been offering more dolls set up to more realistic standards in order to aid promote a positive body epitome.[62]

  • Barbie's waist has been widened in more contempo versions of the doll.

  • Back encompass of the vintage booklet entitled How to Lose Weight, stating "Don't Eat!".

  • Bathroom scale from 1965, permanently prepare at 110 lbs. (50 kg)

  • Oreo Fun Barbie from 1997 became controversial after a negative interpretation of the doll's proper name.

Diversity

Complaints also point to a lack of diversity in the line.[63] Mattel responded to these criticisms. Starting in 1980, it produced Hispanic dolls, and afterward came models from across the globe. For example, in 2007, it introduced "Cinco de Mayo Barbie" wearing a ruffled red, white, and greenish dress (echoing the Mexican flag). Hispanic magazine reports that:

[O]ne of the most dramatic developments in Barbie's history came when she embraced multi-culturalism and was released in a broad variety of native costumes, hair colors and peel tones to more than closely resemble the girls who idolized her. Amongst these were Cinco De Mayo Barbie, Spanish Barbie, Peruvian Barbie, Mexican Barbie and Puerto Rican Barbie. She also has had shut Hispanic friends, such as Teresa.[64]

More recently, Professor Emilie Rose Aguilo-Perez has argued that over fourth dimension, Mattel shifted from cryptic Hispanic presentations in their dolls to i that is more assertive in its "Latinx" marketing and product labeling.[65]

"Colored Francie" made her debut in 1967, and she is sometimes described equally the first African-American Barbie doll. However, she was produced using the existing head molds for the white Francie doll and lacked distinct African characteristics other than a dark skin. The first African-American doll in the Barbie range is usually regarded as Christie, who fabricated her debut in 1968.[66] [67] Black Barbie was launched in 1980 but still had Caucasian features. In 1990, Mattel created a focus group with African-American children and parents, early childhood specialists, and clinical psychologist, Darlene Powell Hudson. Instead of using the same molds for the Caucasian Barbies, new ones were created. In improver, facial features, skin tones, pilus texture, and names were all contradistinct. The trunk shapes looked different, but the proportions were the same to ensure vesture and accessories were interchangeable.[68] In September 2009, Mattel introduced the So In Style range, which was intended to create a more than realistic depiction of African-American people than previous dolls.[69] In 2016, Mattel expanded this line to include seven skin tones, 20-two eye colors, and twenty-4 hairstyles. Role of the reason for this modify was due to failing sales.[70]

Mattel teamed up with Nabisco to launch a cantankerous-promotion of Barbie with Oreo cookies. Oreo Fun Barbie was marketed as someone with whom immature girls could play after class and share "America's favorite cookie". Equally had go the custom, Mattel manufactured both a white and a blackness version. Critics argued that in the African American community, Oreo is a derogatory term pregnant that the person is "black on the outside and white on the inside", like the chocolate sandwich cookie itself. The doll was unsuccessful and Mattel recalled the unsold stock, making information technology sought subsequently by collectors.[71]

In May 1997, Mattel introduced Share a Smile Becky, a doll in a pink wheelchair. Kjersti Johnson, a 17-twelvemonth-old high school student in Tacoma, Washington with cerebral palsy, pointed out that the doll would not fit into the elevator of Barbie's $100 Dream House. Mattel appear that it would redesign the house in the future to arrange the doll.[72] [73]

In 2010, Barbie has too been criticized for a children's book called Barbie: I Can Be A Figurer Engineer, which portrayed Barbie as a game designer who was non technically sophisticated and needed boys' assistance to exercise game programming. The visitor then promptly responded to criticism on gender function stereotypes by redesigning a "Computer Engineer Barbie" who was a game programmer rather than designer.[74]

Since 1980, when Mattel introduced the first Black Barbie, the brand now offers over 22 pare tones, 94 pilus colors, 13 middle colors and v torso types.[v]

Bad influence concerns

In July 1992, Mattel released Teen Talk Barbie, which spoke a number of phrases including "Volition we ever accept enough wearing apparel?", "I love shopping!", and "Wanna have a pizza party?" Each doll was programmed to say four out of 270 possible phrases, and so that no ii given dolls were likely to be the same (the number of possible combinations is 270!/(266!4!) = 216,546,345). Ane of these 270 phrases was "Math form is tough!", which led to criticism from the American Association of Academy Women; about one.v% of all the dolls sold said the phrase. In October 1992, Mattel announced that Teen Talk Barbie would no longer say "Math class is tough!", and offered a bandy to anyone who owned a doll that did.[75]

In 2002, Mattel introduced a line of pregnant Midge (and baby) dolls, but this Happy Family line was quickly pulled from the marketplace due to complaints that she promoted teen pregnancy, though by that time, Barbie's friend Midge was supposed to exist a married adult.[76]

In September 2003, the Center Eastern land of Saudi Arabia outlawed the auction of Barbie dolls and franchises, stating that they did not accommodate to the ideals of Islam. The Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice warned, "Jewish Barbie dolls, with their revealing clothes and shameful postures, accessories and tools are a symbol of decadence to the perverted Westward. Let us beware of her dangers and exist conscientious."[77] The 2003 Saudi ban was temporary.[78] In Muslim-majority nations, there is an alternative doll called Fulla, which was introduced in November 2003 and is equivalent to Barbie, merely is designed specifically to represent traditional Islamic values. Fulla is not manufactured by Mattel (although Mattel still licenses Fulla dolls and franchises for sale in certain markets), and (as of January 2021) the "Jewish" Barbie brand is yet bachelor in other Muslim-majority countries including Egypt and Indonesia.[79] In Iran, the Sara and Dara dolls, which were introduced in March 2002, are available as an culling to Barbie, even though they have not been as successful.[80]

In Nov 2014, Mattel received criticism over the volume I Can Be a Calculator Engineer, which depicted Barbie every bit being inept at computers and requiring that her ii male friends consummate all of the necessary tasks to restore two laptops after she accidentally infects her and her sister's laptop with a malware-laced USB wink drive.[81] Critics complained that the book was sexist, as other books in the I Can Be... series depicted Barbie as someone who was competent in those jobs and did non require outside aid from others.[82] Mattel later removed the book from sale on Amazon in response to the criticism.[83]

Safety concerns

In March 2000, stories appeared in the media claiming that the hard vinyl used in vintage Barbie dolls could leak toxic chemicals, causing danger to children playing with them. The claim was described as an overreaction past Joseph Prohaska, a professor at the Academy of Minnesota Duluth. A modern Barbie doll has a torso fabricated from ABS plastic, while the caput is made from soft PVC.[84] [85]

In July 2010, Mattel released "Barbie Video Girl", a Barbie doll with a pinhole video camera in its chest, enabling clips of up to xxx minutes to exist recorded, viewed, and uploaded to a computer via a USB cable. On November 30, 2010, the FBI issued a warning in a private memo that the doll could exist used to produce child pornography, although it stated publicly that in that location was "no reported bear witness that the doll had been used in any fashion other than intended."[86] [87]

In March 2015, concerns were raised virtually a version of the doll called "Howdy Barbie", which can agree conversations with a kid using speech recognition technology. The doll transmits data back to a service called ToyTalk, which according to Forbes, has a terms of service and privacy policy that allow it to "share audio recordings with 3rd party vendors who assistance united states with spoken language recognition", and states that "recordings and photos may also be used for inquiry and development purposes, such as to improve speech recognition engineering science and bogus intelligence algorithms and create ameliorate entertainment experiences."[88]

"Role model Barbies"

In March 2018, in fourth dimension for International Women's Day, Mattel unveiled the "Barbie Celebrates Part Models" campaign with a line of 17 dolls, informally known as "sheroes", from diverse backgrounds "to showcase examples of extraordinary women".[89] [90] Mattel developed this collection in response to mothers concerned about their daughters having positive female role models.[89] Dolls in this drove include Frida Kahlo, Patti Jenkins, Chloe Kim, Nicola Adams, Ibtihaj Muhammad, Bindi Irwin, Amelia Earhart, Misty Copeland, Helene Darroze, Katherine Johnson, Sara Gama, Martyna Wojciechowska, Gabby Douglas, Guan Xiaotong, Ava Duvernay, Yuan Yuan Tan, Iris Apfel, Ashley Graham and Leyla Piedayesh.[89] In 2020, the company appear a new release of "shero" dolls, including Paralympic champion Madison de Rozario.[91] In July 2021, Mattel released a Naomi Osaka Barbie doll as a role of the 'Barbie Role Model' series. Osaka originally partnered with Barbie ii years earlier.[92] A month earlier, a Julie Bishop doll was released to acknowledge the former Australian politician,[93] as was one for general practitioner Kirby White for her work during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia.[94]

Collecting

Mattel estimates that there are well over 100,000 avid Barbie collectors. Ninety percent are women, at an average age of 40, purchasing more than than twenty Barbie dolls each twelvemonth. Forty-five percentage of them spend up of $1000 a year. Vintage Barbie dolls from the early on years are the well-nigh valuable at auction, and while the original Barbie was sold for $3.00 in 1959, a mint boxed Barbie from 1959 sold for $3552.50 on eBay in Oct 2004.[95] On September 26, 2006, a Barbie doll prepare a earth record at auction of £9,000 sterling (United states of america$17,000) at Christie'due south in London. The doll was a Barbie in Midnight Red from 1965 and was part of a private collection of 4,000 Barbie dolls being sold by two Dutch women, Ietje Raebel and her girl Marina.[96]

In recent years, Mattel has sold a broad range of Barbie dolls aimed specifically at collectors, including porcelain versions, vintage reproductions, and depictions of Barbie equally a range of characters from film and television receiver series such as The Munsters and Star Trek.[97] [98] There are likewise collector's edition dolls depicting Barbie dolls with a range of different ethnic identities.[99] In 2004, Mattel introduced the Color Tier system for its collector'due south edition Barbie dolls including pink, silver, gold, and platinum, depending on how many of the dolls are produced.[100] In 2020, Mattel introduced the Dia De Los Muertos collectible Barbie doll, the second collectible released as part of the company's La Catrina line which was launched in 2019.[101]

Parodies and lawsuits

Barbie has frequently been the target of parody:

  • Mattel sued artist Tom Forsythe over a series of photographs called Food Chain Barbie in which Barbie winds up in a blender.[102] [103] [104] Mattel lost the lawsuit and was forced to pay Forsythe's legal costs.[102]
  • In Latin America, notable controversies include a 2018 legal dispute involving the Panama-based Frida Kahlo Corporation's allegations that Frida Kahlo's great-niece in United mexican states had wrongly licensed the Frida Kahlo trademark for the "Frida Kahlo Barbie" doll.[105]
  • Mattel filed a lawsuit in 2004 in the U.S. against Barbara Anderson-Walley, a Canadian business owner whose nickname is Barbie, over her website, which sells fetish clothing.[106] [107] The lawsuit was dismissed.[102]
  • In 2011, Greenpeace parodied Barbie,[108] calling on Mattel to prefer a policy for its paper purchases that would protect the rainforest. Four months later, Mattel adopted a newspaper sustainability policy.[109]
  • The This night Testify with Jay Leno displayed a "Barbie Crystal Meth Lab".[ citation needed ]
  • Saturday Nighttime Alive aired a parody of the Barbie commercials featuring "Gangsta Bitch Barbie" and "Tupac Ken".[110] In 2002, the show also aired a skit, which starred Britney Spears every bit Barbie's sis Skipper.[111]
  • In November 2002, a New York judge refused an injunction confronting the British-based creative person Susanne Pitt, who had produced a "Dungeon Barbie" doll in chains clothing.[112]
  • Aqua's song "Barbie Girl" was the subject field of the lawsuit Mattel 5. MCA Records, which Mattel lost in 2002, with Judge Alex Kozinski maxim that the song was a "parody and a social commentary".[113] [114]
  • Two commercials by automobile company Nissan featuring dolls similar to Barbie and Ken was the subject of another lawsuit in 1997. In the starting time commercial, a female person doll is lured into a car by a doll resembling G.I. Joe to the dismay of a Ken-like doll, accompanied by Van Halen's "You lot Actually Got Me".[115] In the second commercial, the "Barbie" doll is saved past the "K.I. Joe" doll subsequently she is accidentally knocked into a pond pool by the "Ken" doll to Kiss's "Dr. Beloved".[116] The makers of the commercial said that the dolls' names were Roxanne, Nick and Tad. Mattel claimed that the commercial did "irreparable damage" to its products,[117] [118] but settled.[119]
  • In 1999, Canadian nude model Barbie Doll Benson was involved in a trademark infringement case over her domain proper name, BarbieBenson.com.[120]
  • In 1993, a grouping calling itself the Barbie Liberation Organization secretly modified a group of Barbie dolls past implanting vocalisation boxes from G.I. Joe dolls, then returning the Barbies to the toy stores from where they were purchased.[121] [122]
  • Malibu Stacy from The Simpsons episode "Lisa vs. Malibu Stacy" (1994).
  • Savior Barbie refers to a satirical Instagram account. Savior Barbie is depicted as beingness in Africa where she runs an NGO that provides drinking water to locals and makes sure to provide footage that depicts her glorious acts of goodness. The account is likely to have inspired others such as "Hipster Barbie" and "Socality Barbie".[123] [124]

Contest from Bratz dolls

In June 2001, MGA Amusement launched the Bratz series of dolls, a move that gave Barbie her commencement serious competition in the style doll market. In 2004, sales figures showed that Bratz dolls were outselling Barbie dolls in the United Kingdom, although Mattel maintained that in terms of the number of dolls, apparel, and accessories sold, Barbie remained the leading brand.[125] In 2005, figures showed that sales of Barbie dolls had fallen by 30% in the United states of america, and by 18% worldwide, with much of the driblet being attributed to the popularity of Bratz dolls.[126]

In December 2006, Mattel sued MGA Entertainment for $1 billion, alleging that Bratz creator Carter Bryant was working for Mattel when he developed the idea for Bratz.[127] On July 17, 2008, a federal jury agreed that the Bratz line was created past Carter Bryant while he was working for Mattel and that MGA and its chief executive officer Isaac Larian were liable for converting Mattel holding for their own use and intentionally interfering with the contractual duties owed by Bryant to Mattel.[128] On August 26, the jury found that Mattel would take to be paid $100 million in damages. On December three, 2008, U.South. District Estimate Stephen Larson banned MGA from selling Bratz. He allowed the visitor to continue selling the dolls until the wintertime holiday flavour ended.[129] [130] On appeal, a stay was granted by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit; the Court also overturned the District Court'south original ruling for Mattel, where MGA Entertainment was ordered to forfeit the unabridged Bratz brand.[131] [132]

Mattel Inc. and MGA Amusement Inc. returned to court on January 18, 2011, to renew their battle over who owns Bratz, which this time includes accusations from both companies that the other side stole trade secrets.[133] On Apr 21, 2011, a federal jury returned a verdict supporting MGA.[134] On August 5, 2011, Mattel was also ordered to pay MGA $310 million for attorney fees, stealing trade secrets, and fake claims rather than the $88.v million issued in April.[135]

In Baronial 2009, MGA introduced a range of dolls called Moxie Girlz, intended as a replacement for Bratz dolls.[136]

"Barbie syndrome"

"Barbie syndrome" is a term that has been used to depict the desire to have a physical appearance and lifestyle representative of the Barbie doll. Information technology is virtually often associated with pre-teenage and adolescent females but is applicable to any age grouping or gender. A person with Barbie syndrome attempts to emulate the doll's physical advent, fifty-fifty though the doll has unattainable body proportions.[137] This syndrome is seen every bit a grade of body dysmorphic disorder and results in various eating disorders as well equally an obsession with cosmetic surgery.[138]

Ukrainian model Valeria Lukyanova has received attention from the press, due in office to her appearance having been modified based on the physique of Barbie.[139] [140] She stated that she has merely had chest implants and relies heavily on make upwards and contacts to alter her appearance.[141] Similarly, Lacey Wildd, an American reality television personality frequently referred to as "Million Dollar Barbie" has too undergone 12 breast augmentation surgeries to get "the extreme Barbie".[142]

Jessica Alves, prior to coming out as transgender, underwent over £373,000 worth of cosmetic procedures to lucifer the appearance of Barbie's male person counterpart, garnering her the nickname the "Homo Ken Doll". These procedures take included multiple nose jobs, half dozen pack ab implants, a buttock elevator, and hair and chest implants.[141] Sporting the same nickname, Justin Jedlica, the American businessman, has also received multiple cosmetic surgeries to enhance his Ken-like appearance.

In 2006, researchers Helga Dittmar, Emma Halliwell, and Suzanne Ive conducted an experiment testing how dolls, including Barbie, touch self-paradigm in young girls. Dittmar, Halliwell, and Ive gave picture books to girls historic period v–8, one with photos of Barbie and the other with photos of Emme, a doll with more realistic concrete features. The girls were and so asked nigh their platonic body size. Their research constitute that the girls who were exposed to the images of Barbie had significantly lower self-esteem than the girls who had photos of Emme.[143]

Run across also

  • Creatable World
  • Kitty Black Perkins
  • Lammily - a crowd funded alternative developed by Nickolay Lamm
  • My Scene
  • Sindy
  • Superstar: The Karen Carpenter Story
  • The Most Popular Girls in School
  • Totally Pilus Barbie

References

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Further reading

  • All-time, Joel. "Also Much Fun: Toys as Social Problems and the Interpretation of Civilization", Symbolic Interaction 21#2 (1998), pp. 197–212. DOI: ten.1525/si.1998.21.2.197 in JSTOR
  • BillyBoy* (1987). Barbie: Her Life & Times. Crown. ISBN978-0-517-59063-8.
  • Cox, Don Richard. "Barbie and her playmates." Journal of Popular Culture eleven#2 (1977): 303–307.
  • Forman-Brunell, Miriam. "Barbie in" LIFE": The Life of Barbie." Periodical of the History of Childhood and Youth two#3 (2009): 303-311. online
  • Gerber, Robin (2009). Barbie and Ruth: The Story of the Earth'southward About Famous Doll and the Woman Who Created Her. Collins Business. ISBN978-0-06-134131-1.
  • Karniol, Rachel, Tamara Stuemler‐Cohen, and Yael Lahav‐Gur. "Who Likes Bratz? The Impact of Girls' Age and Gender Part Orientation on Preferences for Barbie Versus Bratz." Psychology & Marketing 29#11 (2012): 897-906.
  • Knaak, Silke, "German Fashion Dolls of the 50&60". Paperback world wide web.barbies.de.
  • Lord, M. G. (2004). Forever Barbie: the unauthorized biography of a real doll. New York: Walker & Co. ISBN978-0-8027-7694-5.
  • Plumb, Suzie, ed. (2005). Guys 'n' Dolls: Art, Science, Fashion and Relationships. Royal Pavilion, Art Gallery & Museums. ISBN0-948723-57-ii.
  • Rogers, Mary Ann (1999). Barbie culture. London: SAGE Publications. ISBN0-7619-5888-6.
  • Sherman, Aurora M., and Eileen L. Zurbriggen. "'Boys tin can be anything': Effect of Barbie play on girls' career cognitions." Sex roles seventy.v-6 (2014): 195-208. online
  • Singleton, Bridget (2000). The Art of Barbie. London: Vision On. ISBN0-9537479-2-i.
  • Weissman, Kristin Noelle. Barbie: The Icon, the Image, the Ideal: An Analytical Interpretation of the Barbie Doll in Popular Civilisation (1999).
  • Wepman, Dennis. "Handler, Ruth" American National Biography (2000) online

External links

  • Official website (redirects to the site under Mattel.com)
  • play.barbie.com (the former Barbie.com; only for games and DIY activities.)
  • Saint petersburg Times Floridian: "The doll that has everything – nigh", an article by Susan Taylor Martin about the "Muslim Barbie"
  • USA Today: Barbie at number 43 on the listing of The 101 Most Influential People Who Never Lived
  • The Telegraph: Doll power: Barbie celebrates 50th anniversary and toy world dominance
  • NPR Audio Report: Pretty, Plastic Barbie: Forever What We Brand Her
  • Lawmaker Wants Barbie Banned in W.Va.; Local Residents Quickly React Archived Feb 27, 2014, at the Wayback Machine March 3, 2009
  • New York Times: Barbie: Doll, Icon Or Sexist Symbol? December 23, 1987
  • Barbie's 50th – slideshow by The Kickoff Mail service
  • BBC News: Mattel shuts flagship Shanghai Barbie concept shop March vii, 2011
  • BBC News 1: Making Cindy into Barbie? - BBC News, HEALTH (21 September 1998)
  • CBS News: Becoming Barbie: Living Dolls, Existent Life Couple Are Models Of Plastic Perfection - by Rebecca Leung (Aug. 6, 2004) CBS News
  • Glowka; et al. (2001). "Among the New Words". American Speech. Project MUSE. 76 (1): 79–96. doi:10.1215/00031283-76-ane-79.
  • Anna Hart, Introducing the new, realistic Barbie: 'The thigh gap has officially gone', The Telegraph website, Jan 28, 2016

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